Good-Bye and Good Luck: Teaching Residents the Business of Medicine After Residency.

A physician’s first job after residency is the culmination of hard work, long hours of poring over books, and years of rigorous clinical training. Yet, few residents seem to receive training on what to expect after graduation, and how to negotiate the sometimes treacherous waters of postresidency employment. Few programs train their residents on risk management, job hunting, negotiation skills, employment contracts, and other key issues of the business practice of medicine after graduation. Of particular importance are ‘‘noncompetes’’ (or ‘‘restrictive covenants’’) and ‘‘tail’’ liability insurance, which can significantly hinder a physician’s career options and flexibility if not properly understood. As a matter of fact, the American College of Physicians Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation calls restrictive covenants ‘‘one of the most important yet least understood and potentially most contentious aspects of an employment agreement,’’ because ‘‘these clauses seek to prohibit the physician from practicing medicine for a specified period of time in a specific geographical area.’’ Similarly, tail liability insurance can discourage a physician from considering a new practice because of the cost associated with it. Even for physicians who hire attorneys, knowing what items in a contract are the most important to them personally can help them ‘‘pick their battles’’ and negotiate more effectively, or guide their attorney on what matters most to them. There is little published information about efforts to educate residents on these subjects; the few programs that have done this are in psychiatry, anesthesia, pediatrics, radiology, and surgery. One initiative offers psychiatry residents a hands-on experience at its ‘‘independent practice’’ clinic. Residents spend a halfday per week running the business aspects of the clinic concurrent with their clinical work. Another effort to teach residents these critical skills consists of an interactive curriculum, delivered during a weekend retreat, that educates anesthesia residents about how to find a job, including drafting a curriculum vitae, as well as coding and compliance, medical malpractice insurance, life and disability insurance, wealth management, and other topics. The program satisfies several Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies. Other than this small number of focused interventions, very few programs specifically address employment contracts and negotiation tactics. As a result, the majority of newly graduated physicians are unlikely to have prior exposure to contract terms and negotiation. One of the barriers to educating residents about these matters is the time constraints in most residency programs, along with competing educational priorities. Over the last few years, we have conducted a ‘‘Life After Residency’’ session for the residents in our internal medicine program. During this conference, we introduce residents to the basic concepts of the business side of medicine after graduation. The curriculum covers physician employment agreements, restrictive (noncompete) covenants, and malpractice insurance. It also teaches the basics of job hunting, interview skills, important negotiation tips, and pearls of wisdom. The conference does not provide formal legal training, but instead offers practical points learned primarily from personal experience, focusing on issues that all residency graduates will encounter sooner or later. The conference starts with a traditional lecture format that covers key concepts (see the TABLE summarizing the topics covered). This is followed by several faculty members sharing their experiences, then facilitating subsequent small group discussions, with a question-and-answer session at the end. The Life After Residency session is conducted annually during 1 of our scheduled afternoon conferences, and all residents are expected to attend. A follow-up session that will address the peer-review process, hospital credentialing, and medical board investigations is being developed. There are also DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-14-00720.1